TOPICS: Births Accouchements
- Some critical studiesQuelques études critiques:
- Bates, A., Emblematic Monsters: unnatural conceptions and deformed births in Early Modern Europe, Amsterdam, 2005.
- Berriot-Salvadore, E., Un Corps, un destin. La femme dans la médecine de la Renaissance, Paris, 1993.
- Blumenfeld-Kosinski, R., Not of Woman Born. Representations of caesarean birth in Medieval and Renaissance culture, Ithaca New York , 1990.
- Broomhall, S., Women's Medical Work in Early Modern France, Manchester and New York, 2004.
- Daston, L., and Park, K., Wonders and the Orders of Nature 1515-1750, New York, 1998.
- Gélis, J., La Sage-Femme ou le médecin. Une nouvelle conception de la vie , Paris, 1988.
- Gélis, J., L'Arbre et le fruit. La naissance dans l'occident moderne XVI e -XIX e siècle , Paris, 1984.
- Green, M., Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology, Oxford, 2008.
- Green, M., Women's Healthcare in the Medieval West : Texts and Contexts, Aldershot, 2002.
- King, H., Midwifery, obstetrics and gynaecology: the uses of a sixteenth-century compendium, Aldershot, 2007.
- King, H., Hippocrates' Woman. Reading the female body in Ancient Greece, London, 1998.
- Laurent, S., Naître au Moyen Age. De la conception à la naissance : la grossesse et l'accouchement, Paris, 1989.
- Lazard, M., Les Avenues de fémynie. Les femmes de la Renaissance, Paris, 2001.
- Marland, H. (ed.), The Art of Midwifery: Early Modern midwives in Europe, London, 1993.
- McTavish, L., Childbirth and the Display of Authority in Early Modern France, Aldershot, 2005.
- Perkins, W., Midwifery and Medicine in Early Modern France: Louise Bourgeois, Exeter, 1996.
- Schleiner, W., Medical Ethics in the Renaissance, Washington D.C., 1995.
- Tucker, H., Pregnant Fictions : Childbirth and the Fairytale in Early Modern France, Detroit, 2003.
- Wilson, A., Childbirth in England 1660-1770, London, 1995.
- Wilson, D., Signs and Portents. Monstrous births from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, London and new York, 1993.
- Worth-Stylianou, V., Les Traités d'obstétrique en langue française au seuil de la modernité, Geneva, 2007.
The beginning of pregnancy heralds the moment of birth, when, according to all the medical authorities of the time, the foetus actively struggles to escape from the uterus (see illustration). In the case of a royal birth, as Louise Bourgeois records, the midwife is expected to be available and to accompany the queen for several months before the delivery is due. In contrast, poor families might look to save money by waiting until the late stages of labour before summoning the midwife.
A midwife would preside over a normal delivery, possibly accompanied by several friends or female relatives of the patient. The husband, however, would almost always be absent from the birthing chamber, except in the case of the delivery of the heir to the throne. Medical treatises written for midwives, such as Rosslin's The Birth of Mankind enumerate the different stages of a normal delivery, but most of the writers accord a disproportionate space to difficult births, whether these result from foetal malpresentations (see illustrations 1, 2), a malformed foetus, or a multiple pregnancy. In the first half of the 17th century, for example, Jacques Bury, one of the first surgeons to specialise in difficult deliveries, composed an illustrated handbook for the use of less experienced surgeons (illustrations: 1, 4, 6).