- Some critical studiesQuelques études critiques:
- Berriot-Salvadore, E., Un Corps, un destin. La femme dans la médecine de la Renaissance, Paris, 1993.
- Darmon, P., Le Mythe de la procréation à l'âge baroque, Paris, 1981.
- Daston, L., and Park, K., Wonders and the Orders of Nature 1515-1750, New York, 1998.
- Fissell, M., Vernacular Bodies. The politics of reproduction in Early Modern England, Oxford, 2004.
- Gélis, J., L'Arbre et le fruit. La naissance dans l'occident moderne XVI e -XIX e siècle , Paris, 1984.
- Green, M., Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology, Oxford, 2008.
- Green, M., Women's Healthcare in the Medieval West : Texts and Contexts, Aldershot, 2002.
- King, H., Midwifery, obstetrics and gynaecology: the uses of a sixteenth-century compendium, Aldershot, 2007.
- Laurent, S., Naître au Moyen Age. De la conception à la naissance : la grossesse et l'accouchement, Paris, 1989.
- Park, K., The Secrets of Women: gender, generation, and the origins of human dissection, New York, 2006.
- Perkins, W., Midwifery and Medicine in Early Modern France: Louise Bourgeois, Exeter, 1996.
- Pinto-Correia, E., , The Ovary of Eve. Egg and sperm and preformation, Chicago and London, 1997.
- Schleiner, W., Medical Ethics in the Renaissance, Washington D.C., 1995.
- Tucker, H., Pregnant Fictions : Childbirth and the Fairytale in Early Modern France, Detroit, 2003.
- Worth-Stylianou, V., Les Traités d'obstétrique en langue française au seuil de la modernité, Geneva, 2007.
In a society which set great store by legal heirs, sterility was both a personal and potentially a dynastic disaster. Physicians, surgeons and midwives were all regularly called upon to furnish remedies, whether to queens and princesses – including Catherine de Médici, Marguerite de Valois, Anne of Austria – or to the wives of merchants and peasants. Sometimes the long-awaited heir did not appear until the woman was in the last years of her reproductive life, as in the case Liebault recounts of the Countess of Fiasque.
Practitioners offered a wide range of treatments, many of which aimed to correct the over cold and damp temperament of the woman, since it was believed that heat and dryness promoted conception. Thus a sterile woman might be encouraged to eat hot, dry foods, as in the humorous episode recounted by Louis de Serres. She could also be prescribed fumigations, and her moral behaviour was closely scrutinised since excessive sexual activity, consumption of alcohol and even sloth were all associated with sterility. But might the husband not also be partly responsible for the wife's failure to bear a child? Most doctors accept this, and some even dare to suggest that an unhappy marriage might be to blame since without experiencing orgasm a woman was thought unlikely to produce seed and thus conceive. There are also well-known cases of the man's physical difformity causing sterility, as in the case of king Henry II of France (this having to be overcome before Catherine de Médici finally bore children). Nonetheless, in many cases it was the "sterile" wife who suffered the disapproving gazes and undignified treatments, and who might eventually be set aside if she still failed to deliver an heir. ?