- Some critical studiesQuelques études critiques:
- Ambrosoli, M., The Wild and the Sown: Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe 1350-1850, Cambridge, 1997.
- Bates, A., Emblematic Monsters: unnatural conceptions and deformed births in Early Modern Europe, Amsterdam, 2005.
- Berriot-Salvadore, E., Un Corps, un destin. La femme dans la médecine de la Renaissance, Paris, 1993.
- Darmon, P., Le Mythe de la procréation à l'âge baroque, Paris, 1981.
- Fissell, M., Vernacular Bodies. The politics of reproduction in Early Modern England, Oxford, 2004.
- Gélis, J., L'Arbre et le fruit. La naissance dans l'occident moderne XVI e -XIX e siècle , Paris, 1984.
- Green, M., Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology, Oxford, 2008.
- King, H., Midwifery, obstetrics and gynaecology: the uses of a sixteenth-century compendium, Aldershot, 2007.
- Laqueur, T., Making Sex: Body and gender from the Greeks to Freud,, Cambridge Massachussetts, 1990.
- Laurent, S., Naître au Moyen Age. De la conception à la naissance : la grossesse et l'accouchement, Paris, 1989.
- Long, K., Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe, Aldershot, 2006.
- Park, K., The Secrets of Women: gender, generation, and the origins of human dissection, New York, 2006.
- Pinto-Correia, E., , The Ovary of Eve. Egg and sperm and preformation, Chicago and London, 1997.
- Schleiner, W., Early Modern controversies about the one-sex model', Renaissance Quarterly, (March 2002).
- Tucker, H., Pregnant Fictions : Childbirth and the Fairytale in Early Modern France, Detroit, 2003.
- Wilson, D., Signs and Portents. Monstrous births from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, London and new York, 1993.
- Worth-Stylianou, V., Les Traités d'obstétrique en langue française au seuil de la modernité, Geneva, 2007.
We need to bear in mind that it was the development of more sophisticated microscopes which allowed ova and sperm to be discovered in the later seventeenth century. So Renaissance doctors, who were often passionately interested in the subject of ceonception and in the mysteries of fertility, worked without this knowledge. The mid-XVIth century saw a number of treatises on conception (see Chrestian and Paré), and the later XVIth and early XVIIth centuries a growing interest in monsters of all sorts, including hermaphrodites. There was still controversy as to a woman's role in conception. One important strand in Ancient medicine, represented by Hippocrates and Galen, argued for "the double seed" theory, according to which during the sexual act a woman produces seed-bearing fluid which joins with the man's seed. However, Aristotle and his followers claimed that a woman's humoral temperament was too cold and imperfect to produce seed, and that she is only the passive receptacle for the male seed. There was, in addition, some belief that menstrual blood might also contribute to conception. It is not surprising that medical and scientific debates on this topic contributed both to serious moral and social discussions of the status of women, and were a rich source of pickings for authors of racy fictional writings.